A cold is a very common viral infection . It affects the upper respiratory tract: nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and part of the larynx. It is caused by many viruses, but about half of the cases are due to rhinovirus. It is more frequent in children and people who are debilitated for some reason, but it is rare for someone to go a year without catching a cold. Cold symptoms are bothersome, but, as a rule, they are mild and without consequences. There are simple measures that are very useful for relieving cold symptoms. Cold symptoms Cold symptoms appear between 24-72 hours after infection . The most common initial symptoms are runny nose (nasal discharge), stuffy nose (nasal obstruction), and a dry or irritated throat. Sneezing, malaise, headache, pressure or discomfort in the ears and face may also occur. Then, cough tends to develop and generally persists even after the resolution of nasal and throat symptoms but is rarely associated with lower respiratory tract problems. Fever, when present, tends to be low-grade. Symptoms can last for 3-10 days , and ease over the time. In about a quarter of cases, they may last longer, mainly in smokers. Treating cold symptoms with simple measures Most symptoms are mild and do not require specific medications. These should be reserved for fever, pain, or when specifically indicated by a doctor. The goal of treatment is to relieve symptoms and provide good conditions for the body to recover . Clearing the nose to breathe well A clear nose allows to breathe normally and thus promotes better quality sleep, which is essential for recovery. Washing the nose with saline helps eliminate secretions, reduce inflammation, and prevent complications that can occur if they don't drain out (for example, sinusitis, otitis, and cough caused by mucus dripping down the throat). A nebulizer can also be used with saline. Inhaling hot steam also helps, for example during shower or with the head over a container of hot water (taking care to avoid burns). When the air is very dry, a humidifier can be used or a container of water can be placed in the room to improve air quality. Boost hydration, but with warm liquids The body loses more water during a cold. So, it's necessary to drink more fluids to stay well hydrated, which is also essential for recovery. Warm liquids have additional benefits: Relieves throat irritation; Improves local circulation and decongests the respiratory tract; The released hot steam helps clear a stuffy nose; Especially in winter, it is more pleasant and easier to drink hot liquids than cold liquids. Any hot liquid has these benefits. Teas or broths are usually preferred over hot water because it is easier to drink more if the beverage is pleasant. Broths are more nutritious and can play an important role when there is a lack of appetite. Teas are preferred by many people with colds. Lemon and/or ginger teas are common, but not mandatory, options: They stimulate saliva production, which helps relieve a dry and irritated throat; Both contain compounds with anti-inflammatory action, and lemon is also rich in vitamin C, although this benefit is not very important when drinking lemon tea occasionally in the context of a cold; In people with acid reflux or stomach problems, lemon and ginger may not be well tolerated. Other calming teas or infusions include linden, chamomile, or mint. Black tea, green tea, and other teas or beverages with caffeine are not good options because when consumed in moderation they can have undesirable effects, including interfering with sleep. Soothing a cough with honey Honey reduces the frequency and severity of coughs. It can be added to hot drinks, making them more palatable and easier to drink. Caution : Do not give honey to children under 2 years old . Resting and eating well Resting more, sleeping well, and eating a balanced diet are fundamental supports to help the body fight cold symptoms. When there is a lack of appetite, it is helpful to eat smaller, more frequent meals. How colds are transmitted and how to prevent them The common cold is a contagious infection and more frequent in winter. The viruses that cause colds enter the body through the respiratory mucous membranes (of the nose and mouth). Its origin is contaminated hands (after contact with an infected person or with a contaminated surface or object) and airborne droplets containing viruses expelled by an infected person when coughing or sneezing. The habits we have in winter, the climate, and the characteristics of some viruses explain why colds are more frequent in winter: We spend more time in enclosed spaces, and tend to less ventilate them; Cold adn dry air is more irritating to the respiratory tract, which therefore becomes more fragile; Some viruses survive better in cold and dry environments. How to prevent colds Adopt the well-known respiratory etiquette measures that are very effective in preventing colds (and other infections) and in reducing the circulation of the viruses that cause them: Keep your hands clean, preferably washing them frequently with soap and water or, alternatively, with an appropriate disinfectant solution; Cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing with a disposable tissue or, when this is not possible, in the crook of your elbow (not your hands); Wear a face mask when in contact with other people. Avoid being in enclosed spaces with many people and, especially, avoid close contact with people who have colds. Take care of indoor spaces, maintaining good air quality by ventilating them whenever possible. Anything that contributes to good general health helps prevent a cold (and many other illnesses). This means having healthy lifestyle habits: resting and sleeping well, stress management, proper nutrition, not smoking, not drinking alcoholic beverages, and exercising. Author : Joana F. Moreira (general and family medicine) Meet the general and family medicine clinical team from Hospital da Luz network. The content published in the Health Guide is intended for the general public and is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis, or personalized clinical advice from a qualified healthcare professional. The content is produced or reviewed by physicians and other healthcare professionals at Hospital da Luz and is based on the knowledge available at the time of publication or the most recent update, as indicated at the beginning of each item.
