May 4, 2022 The pressure in the middle ear must equal the external pressure (atmospheric pressure) for the eardrum to vibrate normally and the ear to function properly. Maintaining this balance of pressures is the function of the Eustachian tube. Anatomically, medium ear includes: The tympanic membrane or eardrum, which separates the middle ear from the outer ear; The tympanic cavity, which is filled with air and where three tiny bones are located - hammer, anvil and stirrup - which transmit sounds to the inner ear; Eustachian tube, channel linking the tympanic cavity to nasopharynx. The Eustachian tube , which is usually closed, opens when it is necessary to balance pressure in the middle ear , so that it is equal to atmospheric pressure. If the Eustachian tube does not function properly, a pressure difference between the middle ear and the exterior arises. If this is a slight difference, there may be only discomfort or a sensation of having the ear clogged. With more important pressure differences, more severe lesions of the eardrums and other structures may occur, with pain, bleeding or even deafness. These e ar injuries caused by pressure differences are called barotrauma . Barotrauma typically occurs when there are changes in altitude, as it happens when: Traveling on a mountain; Traveling by plane; Diving. When to see an otolaryngologist In acute situations, the care of an otorhinolaryngologist should always be sought when: Pain or other symptoms persist for a few days after the episode; Hemorrhage occurs; There is a loss of hearing . Medical care should also be sought when frequent and disturbing symptoms occur whenever someone is exposed to altitude changes . In these cases, the conclusions of a careful medical observation may be for the advantage of drug therapy or a procedure that relieve the symptoms, such as the placement of transtympanic tubes or the balloon dilation of the Eustachian tube. This article was written by the Hospital da Luz Lisboa otorhinolaryngology team. The content published in the Health Guide is intended for the general public and is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis, or personalized clinical advice from a qualified healthcare professional. The content is produced or reviewed by physicians and other healthcare professionals at Hospital da Luz and is based on the knowledge available at the time of publication or the most recent update, as indicated at the beginning of each item.
