December 12, 2024 Learning difficulties impact the academic results of many school-age children and adolescents. They influence their academic performance, but also their emotional and social development. Specific learning disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It is characterized by one or more of the following difficulties : In reading, also called dyslexia; In writing, also called dysorthography; In mathematics, also called dyscalculia. It is a permanent disorder with variable expression throughout life and with an impact on different stages of development that affect the acquisition and consolidation of academic skills. Symptoms and diagnosis The most common symptoms , which vary in severity and tend to affect specific areas of learning, are: Reading words imprecisely, slowly and with effort; Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read; Spelling errors; Difficulties in written expression; Difficulties with numbers and mathematical reasoning, in the case of dyscalculia. The identification of learning difficulties, such as specific learning disorder, is carried out by a multidisciplinary team , which combines: Clinical observation of behavior; Application of specific tests; Detailed information regarding school and family contexts. Assessment carried out in this way allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the child's difficulties, making it easier to make an accurate diagnosis and plan an effective intervention. Paying attention to warning signs is essential Learning difficulties become more evident when a student's academic performance is significantly below what is expected for their age and grade. Therefore, it is essential that parents and teachers pay attention to the initial signs, so that an early intervention is made to reduce the impact of these challenges on the child's development . Among the most common warning signs are : Difficulty memorizing letters; Difficulty identifying and manipulating rhymes, syllables and/or phonemes; Persistent difficulty reading or writing, even after adequate instruction; Slowness or excessive effort when carrying out tasks that involve reading or mathematical calculations; In writing, weaknesses in structuring ideas and varied typology of errors. Other possible signs include difficulty following instructions, retaining basic information, or maintaining attention during school activities. Learning difficulties can also affect self-esteem and increase frustration regarding academic performance, resulting in demotivation and resistance to school. Consider family history and other risk factors Genetic factors play an important role in this context. Family history is one of the main risk factors for specific learning disorder, that is, children with diagnosed parents, siblings or close relatives are more likely to manifest this condition . Other risk factors for learning difficulties include: Premature birth or low birth weight; Delays in language development, such as late onset of speech or slower-than-expected evolution; Specific difficulties in preschool education, such as lack of interest in educational activities or difficulties memorizing basic information. These signs may not be immediately recognized as indicators of a specific learning disorder, but they should be considered by educators and health professionals throughout the child's development. Early intervention favors results The sooner difficulties are identified, the diagnosis is made and appropriate strategies are implemented, the better the long-term prognosis. Appropriate interventions, such as specialized pedagogical support, provided by Special Education and Rehabilitation/Psychomotor Rehabilitation Technicians, Speech Therapists or Educational Psychologists, can make a significant difference in the school career of children with learning difficulties. On the other hand, intervention also plays an essential role in promoting children's self-esteem and emotional well-being . It helps reduce the impact of these difficulties, allowing children to feel more confident and capable of achieving their goals. Learning difficulties, such as specific learning disorder, are challenges faced by many children and adolescents in their school lives and do not result from a lack of effort or motivation. With the right support, it is possible to help them reach their potential, both in the school environment and in later life . Collaboration between teachers, parents and healthcare professionals is essential to ensure an inclusive and effective learning environment, promoting the success of all children and adolescents. Author : Mariana Castro The content published in the Health Guide is intended for the general public and is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis, or personalized clinical advice from a qualified healthcare professional. The content is produced or reviewed by physicians and other healthcare professionals at Hospital da Luz and is based on the knowledge available at the time of publication or the most recent update, as indicated at the beginning of each item.
