13 October 2020 Author : Filipa Pinto de Oliveira Oral cancer is a major public health problem. About 10 million new cases arise each year, of which more than 6 million end up resulting in deaths. Portugal is the second country in Europe with the highest incidence rate of oral cancer, with an increase in new cases among the Portuguese population. Oral cancer causes Oral cancer can have a multifactorial origin, be it external (environmental and behavioral) or endogenous (genetic). Main risk factors Sex and age Men between 45 and 70 years of age are more likely to develop this type of cancer disease and are the main risk group. However, due to the sexual transmission of the human papilloma virus, the number of cases among young adults has been increasing. Smoking and alcohol consumption Tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption are the main causes of oral cancer. Several studies report that tobacco and alcohol together play a major role in the development of oral cancer, increasing the risk six times. By itself, alcohol consumption is responsible for an increased risk of oral cancer even in non-smokers. Human papilloma virus infection The transmission of this virus is done through sexual contact. About 70% of neoplasms of the tongue, tonsils and soft palate are associated with this virus. Oral cancer in the oropharynx appears to be related to infection by the human papilloma virus and has been registering a higher incidence among young adults. Sun exposure Unprotected sun exposure is associated with cancer of the lip, especially the lower lip. The risk of cancer of the lip is also increased in smokers, especially in pipe smokers. Family history People with immediate family members who have had oral cancer may be at increased risk for the disease. Eating habits Some international studies also suggest that a diet low in vegetables and fresh fruit is associated with an increased risk of oral cancer. Symptoms and warning signs Sore in the mouth or throat that does not heal; Bleeding or loose teeth without apparent cause; Difficulty chewing, swallowing, moving the tongue or jaw; Persistent bad breath; Change in the support of dental prostheses; Loss of sensitivity; Variable color stain; Persistent lesion (more than 2 weeks) after treatment; Persistent ulcers. In most cases, these symptoms are not synonymous with oral cancer, but should be observed by your dentist. Diagnóstico Depending on the clinical situation presented to make the diagnosis, it may be necessary to resort to complementary exams, such as oral biopsies, lab tests or radiology exams. Oral cancer treatment Oral cancer appears asymptomatic, only becoming painful later. Therefore, it is important to know the risk factors of being aware of the warning signs. When detected at an early stage, oral cancer is more easily treated, and surgical treatment is often sufficient to achieve a cure. Oral cancer prevention Stop smoking and reduce alcohol consumption; Protect your lips from the sun; Maintain good oral hygiene; Follow a balanced diet, rich in fruits and vegetables; Carry out an annual screening in an oral medicine consultation; The content published in the Health Guide is intended for the general public and is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It does not replace individual medical assessment, diagnosis, or personalized clinical advice from a qualified healthcare professional. The content is produced or reviewed by physicians and other healthcare professionals at Hospital da Luz and is based on the knowledge available at the time of publication or the most recent update, as indicated at the beginning of each item.
